Generally definition: You use generally to give a summary of a situation, activity, or idea without referring. Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

Civilization, by contrast, was about sticking it out through the ages, getting farther, faster, so that you could outpace (and therefore rule) everyone else on the board. You had to listen to the Sims, after a fashion, but their complaints about pollution or buses or whatever were mostly in the background. Looking at screenshots of Anno 2070, you will undoubtedly be seduced by its graphical wiles; the big question is, will this be the kind of seduction that leads to a pleasant pancake breakfast and dinner plans the following evening, or will you instead wake up to a missing wallet, misplaced underwear, and the belligerent shouting of an angry, jilted, heretofore-unmentioned and possibly armed spouse?SimCity was about the joy of building – of covering blank tiles with your idea of what a city should look like. Sorry, I drooled a little there.Although, it’s worth pointing out here and now that style over substance in city-building/resource-expansion games does not make for winners. Anno 2070 review. Of all the SimCity titles, SC2000 remains a personal favorite, and arguably the highest-regarded of the series, because it worked balanced mechanics into a graphical framework that was clear, manageable, and pretty to boot.

GeneRally is a freewareracing game originally developed by brothers Hannu and Jukka Räbinä ^[1] from Finland. Although it features a 3D graphics engine, GeneRally has a top-down perspective, where you can see all the cars (which is perfect for multiplayer races). Its art design calls to mind older arcade racing games such as Super Sprint and Slicks 'N' Slide. PCGamer, in an issue about free PC games, described it as 'A minimalist Micro Machines'.^[2]

The game and its system[edit]

Up to six cars (either human or computer-controlled by AI) can race at the same time on a track. The game is quite easy to learn because the game physics are quite forgiving if you happen to lose control of the car. The game offers three game modes - time trial mode (player attacks best lap of a track; option of ghost car is available), race mode (against next 1-5 human or artificial opponents) and championship mode (season of several races). No matter on simple appearance, the game offers a basic damage model and even tire wear and fuel consumption causing necessity of pit-stops during the race - rare options in genre of arcade racing games including commercial titles. All settings of game are fully customizable (including details like separate adjustable AI level of every single AI opponent or pointing system of held championship).^[3]

Multiplayer[edit]

GeneRally does not support online or LAN play.^[4] However, up to 6 human players can play around one computer using same keyboard or keyboard combined with other devices like joystick or gamepad.

Generally 2[edit]

Generally 2, the sequel to GeneRally has been announced and is currently in the pre-alpha stage of development. A day and night cycle has already been showcased for Generally 2 in a video on the Curious Chicken Games YouTube channel ^[5] and is expected to be in the coming sequel. A demo is also ready to play on the Generally 2 website^[6] which players can only play on the Unity (game engine) web player. According to the 'GR2 Developer Blog' the demo represents maybe only 15% of the progress to the final game. The Demo has all the basic features of the original Generally, though now with added features. It has a dynamic shadowing feature and a Day and Night sequence as well, however according to the Developer Blog many additional features haven't been added yet and are under development. Respected Community player and car modeler Kimmo Kaisla ^[7] has joined in with the development team to help with development and a Kickstarter campaign was started on 9 June 2014.^[8]

Unfortunately, soon after the campaign launch, the team could not get in contact with Kimmo for reasons that were unknown at that moment. Since Kimmo held a major role in the development of GeneRally 2, the rest of the team was unable to deliver new updates to the bakers and this caused a knock-off effect on the whole campaign, which in the end didn't reach the funding goal.^[9] Some time later, Kimmo let the team know that he had some important issues (not disclosed to the public) which made it impossible for him to continue the development of the game. Still, the team decided to continue working with what they had; two more posts were written in the developer blog,^[10][11] but then no more news about GeneRally 2 seem to have surfaced ever since, despite the roadmap and the established release dates.

Elements of the game[edit]

Most of GeneRally is customizable, It is not possible to change only the models of in-game objects and the layout of the user interface, which causes, that the GeneRally is deeply customizable by 3rd-party content. This possibility allows to the player to set the game precisely to their needs and interests.

The cars[edit]

GeneRally cars are made up of a maximum of 40 polygons. Therefore, it is quite a skill to build them, which is done using community built tools. Most of the cars, that you can choose to drive, are fully color-customizable, which adds a personal touch to the game.

The tracks[edit]

The tracks that come with GeneRally are small and simple, unlike most current third-party tracks. An official track editor lets the user put different objects (e.g. trees, walls, bridges and buildings) around the track, and make elevation changes, draw the areas with surfaces (asphalt, grass, mud, gravel, snow or water) and export and edit land's map into various advanced external graphic editors like Photoshop or GIMP.^[12] Every month since July 2003 the community sets up Track of Month,^[13] where the members of the community vote for the best tracks published over each month. The default game itself comes with two basic folders of tracks, an [Old Tracks] set, with a variety of creative courses, and a [World Tour Tracks] set, with courses based on several countries. They are all fictional, but some hint at or resemble real-life locations. In the recent version of 1.10, an additional track set was released by TuomoH and included in GeneRally.

Other customizable elements[edit]

Drivers[edit]

Drivers can be created easily within GeneRally, and each can be assigned to be either a computer-controlled driver or a human-controlled driver. If human-controlled, the commands for Accelerate, Brake, Left, and Right can be assigned. If computer-controlled, a skill level from 0-200 can be chosen, with 200 being the 'most-skilled'. Also, each driver can choose primary and secondary colors for themselves, both of which are selected using a 'color mixer' of primary and secondary colors (both in RGB scales).

Fonts[edit]

Various third party fonts for GeneRally are downloadable.^[14] rather than a TTF file.

Palettes[edit]

A palette is a file (with the extension '.pal') that allows you to change the in-game colors in order to create a specific atmosphere (fog, rain, autumn, night,etc.) or just small changes to the environment (blue kerbs, grey wooden planks, darker grass,etc.).

Competitions[edit]

The community of GeneRally has created several types of competitions to solve lack of competing to each other online. For all of them is common, that racer, who is taking a part, runs his event alone and not affected by other humans. Then he submits before set deadline predefined types of files of event to organizer (obviously savegame with full replay of his ride, then file of track, which he used and finally screenshot of game menu with after-race summary). The organizer then analyzes the files to verify their values (to prevent frauds), creates summary classification of all human drivers, merges the submitted replays and release results to public.^[15]

Types of events[edit]

Three types of events exist: race, where a human racer runs together with AI racers - human racer with fastest race time wins, In a hotlap event the human racer has to race alone, without AI racers, and attempts to set the fastest single lap - the racer with fastest lap time wins. It's very similar system to game's mod time trial. However the term time trial has another sense in competition's terminology, it represents a combined version of race and hotlap - a racer runs a ride without AI racers like in hotlap, but on distance of several laps, trying to set as short summary time as possible like in race. 1942 ford pickup rat rod.

Classical event[edit]

The classical GeneRally event allows unlimited tries - racer can choose, which of his several tries will be submitted by him then and counted by organizer into the results. It eliminates natural accidents, failures, mistakes and influence of vis maior on racing.

GeneRally World Ranking[edit]

GeneRally World Ranking is classification and statistic of each one driver, team or nation, who joined one of supported competitions. It aims to compare the performances of GeneRally racers according to their performances in various competitions and to the difficulty of these. Sometimes it's compared with various real ranks like tennis' ATP. Since March 2003 every event, which fulfills GWR's rules, is classified and racers, teams and nations taking a part are awarded by number of points according defined scales.

References[edit]

1. ^Hannu and Jukka RäbinäArchived 2009-11-22 at the Wayback Machine at Wakoopa, On-line software profile
2. ^'365 Days of Free Games.' PC Gamer Big Book of Free. Summer 2009: pg. 5
3. ^GeneRally Review at download-free-games.com
4. ^'GeneRally Readme file'. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
5. ^[1]
6. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-04-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. ^[2]
8. ^'GeneRally 2 - Top-Down Arcade Racing Game Kickstarter page'. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
9. ^[3]
10. ^[4]
11. ^[5]^{[permanent dead link]}
12. ^Review at Squakenet.com
13. ^Track of Month
14. ^Font Tutorial by JWong
15. ^''How to Join a GeneRally Competition''(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2009-07-07.

External links[edit]

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is a United StatesFood and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements.^[1] The concept of food additives being 'generally recognized as safe' was first described in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and all additives introduced after this time had to be evaluated by new standards.

History[edit]

On January 1, 1958, the FDA established the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, with a list of 700 food substances that were exempt from the then new requirement that manufacturers test food additives before putting them on the market.^[2] On August 31, 1960, William W. Goodrich, assistant general counsel of the FDA, addressed the annual meeting (16 Bus. Law. 107 -1960-1961) of the FFDCA. The purpose of the meeting was the forthcoming March 6, 1961, effective date of the enforcement provisions of the 'Food Additives Amendment of 1958', referred to as GRAS.^[3]

GRAS designation and listing[edit]

A GRAS determination can be self-affirmed or the FDA can be notified of a determination of GRAS by qualified non-governmental experts:

1. Self-affirmed. The manufacturer of this chemical or substance had performed all necessary research, including the formation of an expert panel to review safety concerns, and is prepared to use these findings to defend its product's GRAS status.
2. FDA Response to GRAS notification.^[4] The manufacturer has performed all the aforementioned due diligence, and submitted a GRAS notification to inform the Food & Drug Administration of a determination that the use of a substance is GRAS. Following evaluation the FDA provides three possible responses: 1. FDA does not question the basis for the notifier's GRAS determination,^[4] 2. the notification does not provide a sufficient basis for GRAS determination, or 3. the FDA has, at the notifier's request, ceased to evaluate the GRAS notice.

As of June 2015 (beginning in 1998), 572 ingredient or food substances have been filed with the FDA.^[4] These petitions, submitted by sponsors or manufacturers, are reviewed for the safety evidence contained in the document. FDA posts status of the review as either without further questions or the petition is withdrawn by the applicant.^[4]

For substances used in food prior to January 1, 1958, a grandfather clause allows experience based on common use in food to be used in asserting they are safe under the conditions of their intended use.

The FDA can also explicitly withdraw the GRAS classification, as it did for trans fat in 2015.^[5]

Code of Regulations[edit]

The Code of Federal Regulations, Revised as of April 1, 2010,^[6] includes (CFR) title 21 170.30(b) that provides general recognition of safety through scientific procedures requires the same quantity and quality of scientific evidence as is required to obtain approval of the substance as a food additive^[7] and ordinarily is based upon published studies, which may be corroborated by unpublished studies and other data and information.

Intended use[edit]

The substance must be shown to be 'generally recognized' as safe under the conditions of its intended use. For new proposals, the proponent of the exemption has the burden of providing rigorous scientific evidence that use of the substance in an edible consumer product is 'generally recognized' as safe.^[4] To establish GRAS, the proponent – usually a food manufacturer, ingredient supplier, or manufacturer – must show that there is a consensus of expert opinion that the substance is safe for its intended use.^[4] For existing GRAS items, new uses should not substantially exceed historical occurrence levels of the substance in the diet. For example, hydrochloric acid is listed as GRAS, but this does not allow a manufacturer to claim that pure hydrochloric acid is fit for human consumption.

Failure to qualify[edit]

When a use of a substance does not qualify for the GRAS exemption, that use of the substance is subject to the premarket approval mandated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In such circumstances, the FDA can take enforcement action to stop distribution of the food substance and foods containing it on the grounds that such foods are or contain an unlawful food additive.^[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)'. Fda.gov. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
2. ^'GRAS history'. diet.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
3. ^Goodrich, William W. 'Address to the FFDCA concerning GRAS'. Business Lawyer (Aba). heinonline.org. 16: 107. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
4. ^ ^abcdef'GRAS Notices, US Food and Drug Administration'. FDA. June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
5. ^Jalonik, Mary Clare (June 16, 2015). 'FDA tells food industry to phase out artificial trans fats'. Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved July 16, 2019. To phase the fats out, the FDA made a preliminary determination in 2013 that partially hydrogenated oils no longer fall in the agency’s “generally recognized as safe” category, which covers thousands of additives that manufacturers can use in foods without FDA review. The agency made that decision final Tuesday, giving food companies until June 2018 to phase them out.
6. ^'CRF revised statutes'. accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
7. ^'Summary Table of Recommended Toxicological Testing for Additives Used in Food'. Fda.gov. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2009-09-06. - broken link
8. ^'Federal Register Proposed Rules - 62 FR 18937 April 17, 1997 - Substances Generally Recognized as Safe'. cfsan.fda.gov. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008.

Further reading[edit]

• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1993). Everything Added to Food in the United States. Boca Raton, Florida: C.K. Smoley (c/o CRC Press, Inc.).

External links[edit]

• More information from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).